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  • Article
    Ye Z, Wang L, Yang T, Chen L, Wang T, Chen L, Zhao L, Zhang S, Zheng Z, Luo L, Qin J.
    J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 05 07;8(9):e011264.
    Background At present, the association between maternal viral infection and risk of congenital heart diseases ( CHD ) in offspring is uncertain; additionally, a complete overview is missing. A meta-analysis of observational studies was performed to address the question of whether women who had a history of viral infection in early pregnancy were at an increased risk of CHD in offspring, compared with mothers without viral infection. Methods and Results Unrestricted searches were conducted, with an end date parameter of July 15, 2018, of PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane Libraries, and Chinese databases, to identify studies that met prestated inclusion criteria. Seventeen case-control studies involving 67 233 women were included for analysis. Both fixed-effects models (odds ratio [OR], 1.83; 95% CI , 1.58-2.12; P<0.0001) and random-effects models ( OR , 2.28; 95% CI , 1.54-3.36; P<0.0001) suggested that mothers who had a history of viral infection in early pregnancy experienced a significantly increased risk of developing CHD in offspring. For specific viral infections, the risk of developing CHD in offspring was significantly increased among mothers with rubella virus (OR, 3.49, 95% CI, 2.39-5.11 in fixed-effects models; and OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.75-7.15 in random-effects models) and cytomegalovirus (OR, 3.95; 95% CI, 1.87-8.36 in fixed-effects models) in early pregnancy; however, other maternal viral infections in early pregnancy were not significantly associated with risk of CHD in offspring. Sensitivity analysis yielded consistent results. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Conclusions Although the role of potential bias and evidence of heterogeneity should be carefully evaluated, the present study suggests that maternal viral infection is significantly associated with risk of CHD in offspring.
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  • Article
    Zhong S, Lee C, Foster MJ, Bian J.
    Soc Sci Med. 2020 11;264:113374.
    RATIONALE: Population aging is a major societal challenge that the US and many other countries are facing. The roles of intergenerational interactions are being increasingly recognized as important factors influencing health and well-being of older adults and other generations.
    OBJECTIVE: This systematic review paper provides a critical assessment of the current state of knowledge about the impacts of intergenerational activities on older adults' health-related outcomes.
    METHODS: Literature searches were conducted in October 2019 within MEDLINE, SocIndex, APA PsycInfo, and CINAHL Complete, using a pre-developed list of relevant keywords. Identified papers were reviewed and selected based on the following eligibility criteria: (1) older adults aged 50 or over as the study population, (2) nonfamily member intergenerational interactions as independent variables, (3) older adults' health-related outcomes as dependent variables, and (4) empirical and quantitative studies performed in the US and written in English. A total of 24 out of 22,674 identified articles met these eligibility criteria.
    RESULTS: All of the 24 studies focused on evaluating intergenerational programs and their intervention effects. No studies addressed community or environmental interventions/effects. Program-based intergenerational interactions showed positive associations with older adults' physical health, psychosocial health (e.g. reduced depression), cognitive function, social relationships, and well-being/quality of life. Moreover, engagement in intergenerational activities was linked with increased physical and social activities.
    CONCLUSIONS: This review showed solid evidence supporting the significance of program-based interventions in promoting intergenerational activities and associated health benefits. Significant knowledge gaps are also found resulting from the lack of studies examining the roles of physical environmental interventions/factors, diverse types of intergenerational interactions, and location-driven activities. Such studies can contribute to a better understanding of the specific attributes, both program-based and place-based supports, of the community environment that can promote intergenerational interactions and healthy aging in place.
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  • Article
    Smith SR, Kroon J, Schwarzer R, Hamilton K.
    Soc Sci Med. 2020 11;264:113322.
    BACKGROUND: Regular and consistent parental involvement in children's oral hygiene practices is crucial to prevent oral diseases in young children. This emphasizes the need for interventions targeting parental-supervised oral hygiene behavior. To inform the design of future interventions, this meta-analysis aimed to identify the parental social-cognitive factors associated with oral hygiene behavior of preschoolers.
    METHOD: Five bibliographic databases were searched. A study was eligible for inclusion when it reported an association between a parental social-cognitive factor and an oral hygiene behavior in the targeted age cohort. Meta-analyses were performed when there were at least four independent effect sizes (k > 3).
    RESULTS: Of the 5945 records identified, 25 studies contained eligible data to be included in four meta-analyses: attitude (k = 12); self-efficacy (k = 12); intention (k = 6), and sense of coherence (k = 5). The results showed that greater frequency of preschoolers' oral hygiene behavior is significantly associated with parental attitudes (r+ = 0.18), self-efficacy (r+ = 0.34), and intention (r+ = 0.29), and not significantly associated with parental sense of coherence (r+ = 0.08).
    CONCLUSION: Self-efficacy, attitudes, and intention were identified as significant correlates of parental-supervised oral hygiene behavior. However, this is a limited evidence base and many social-cognitive factors, such as self-regulatory processes including planning and action control, have yet to be explored in this context. The significant social-cognitive correlates identified in this study, as well as potential other self-regulatory factors, should be targeted in future intervention studies aimed at improving this important preventive behavior.
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